Corruption In Health Care

Corruption In Health Care Our optimism is derived not from theory but from our day-to-day work, which ranges from health policy leadership roles to the management of an academic integrated delivery system to hands-on patient care. From this work, we have a frontline view of the good that an organization can produce, but also the inefficiency, missed opportunities, confusion, and occasional harm that cycles the working of a health care organization [2]. While working for a long year within a government organization in the country of India, I came across many wrongs that I could lay account for, which are quite evidently the root cause for poor healthcare within India. Corruption the taboo that infests Indian mainstream medicine, from the physicians to the lowly staff fall prey to this unethical practice. Her life and death expectancy are not measured through the seriousness of the patients health but the way in which he can satisfy the insatiable corruption around. The biggest killer in India today is not the mosquito, population, poverty, not tobacco, and certainly not the polio bacterium despite the disproportionate effort spent on eradicating it, it is corruption. To make it sound more technical and acceptable to the medical profession perhaps we need to label it. Coruptionoma, which may in the future lead to a global epidemic threat [1]. Today in India where scientist claim to have sent men to the moon polio is still common in existence, somewhere a child dies every minute of every day from diarrhea or due to lack of basic care and every 6 minutes a woman dies from pregnancy related causes (official GoI figures). Infant female feticide is increasingly observed in wealthier districts with high literacy rates. Road traffic accidents in Delhi and Mumbai alone are of epidemic proportions. It is a myth that high technology and costly medicine are the best ways to treat a patient and bring health reforms, it is easily achievable through age old ways readily available then why are the above problems not catered to and still spreading at an alarming rate? It is the disease of corruption that makes managing a health practice impossible. 2. CORRUPTION in Health Care While working as a resident medical officer at a government hospital in India I faced innumerous issues in the management but the issue that was commonly causing chaos is corruption. Corruption comes evident in various forms and puts the whole effort of providing good service or trying to salvage the oath taken in service of our patients. The things I have personally experienced working in an Indian public hospital for over a period of one year is that the life expectancy of a person depends on the financial background of the person. The fact that women in labor die due to late arrival of ambulances and un operational equipments Adulterated drugs proliferate because high level politicians who encourage or protect the people who sell them. Doctors dont attend place of work despite drawing a wage from the Government. Large amount of medicine wasting before reaching the point of use. Unwillingness amongst underpaid staff who either sit on months of strike for their appraisals or either find under table ways of moving their files. Unavailability of clean water and hygienic environments resulting in filthy hospitals due to lack of accountability and supervision. Issuing of licenses to service providers and manufacturers who are incapable but willing to pay high bribes. Negligence in documentations in departments and usage of illegal means to alter information for self benefit. Power breakdowns compromise the safety of hospitals due to surging charges and lack of government help. Officials elected for the purpose of recuperating the health conditions neglect their sole purpose are busy catering to their political scandals and filling their pockets by the power of their seat. Unnecessary drug prescribing by doctors making practice a means of advertisement for scrupulous pharmaceutical companies. Under the desk payments demanded from patients by everyone for the watchman to the doctor. Buildings constructed at inappropriate sites to please politicians and others, discouraging proper use. Staff wanting to make their private practices look more efficient than the public sector caters to theft and sabotage of instruments. Favoritism and relational influences give opportunities to the undeserving candidates for higher post and even educational sponsorships. Loved ones are made to pay bribes to provide loved ones with immediate medical care due to unethical working standards. [[1], edited based on true personal experience] Corruption In Its Various Forms 3. FINANCIAL Management Corruption Corruption is seen in every aspect of healthcare mainly financial management of the organization. In a recent report in an Indian daily Indians pay bribes worth Rs 2,728 cr (equivalent to approximately US$570m annually), the report finds that the public sectors surveyed the health and education sectors were the most corrupt [2]. Factors contributing to financial corruption: Low Wages for Public servants Low Wages, Poor patterns of incentives and bad working environment relates to the capacity of an organization to attract and retain honest, skilled and motivated staff in a long term similarly, low wages in the public sector are likely to attract less qualified, poorly motivated and potentially disloyal staff, resulting in an opaque, inefficient and potentially corrupt staff. Informal fees Of course, like unofficial fees, are not official nevertheless, developed like more of a practice. The underpaid officials and underlying poverty influence the practitioners to fill their pockets by unofficial fees [5]. In my experience Low wages is a greater public tolerance for corrupt practices when the worker incomes are insufficient for living the working environment is intolerable with bleak chances of improvement due to the already existent corruption at the political and higher regions [4]. The existent salaries perceived as unfair in comparison to private sector salaries. Thus subsistence strategy or survival technique that compensate for inequitable working conditions and hardships faced economically make the demanding of under counter money or accepting bribes for poorly paid staff. Illiteracy amongst masses The common story amongst people of developing nations is the lack of knowledge and self righteousness. Though the government acts in favor of free medical camps and health coverage the poor due to their lack of awareness fall prey to corruption where they pay for the rights freely available to them at public hospitals. Free vaccinations for polio, medical camps in rural areas and treatments for HIV/AIDS, tuberculoses, cancer and movements to eradicate malaria have been readily undertaken by the government, but illiteracy amongst the rural and lower sectors (i.e. working class) leads to corruption and future diminishing health conditions. Lack of funds The public hospitals rely on government funds or fund raising events which hardly keep pace with the fast growing health sector. The increase in technology has levied a burden on the feeless hospital where the promised care cannot be delivered due to aging population and increasing diseases. The only way in which the organization avoids complete shutdown is by compromising in the health care by using obsolete technology and unmaintained hospitals with inexperienced staff working in unhygienic conditions. Leading to lesser scope of modernization or remodeling facilities to provide better health care. This situation also provokes the organizations to remove their staff for balancing their financial need causing a setback in the prosperity of the nation. 4. How can the financial management corruption be dealt with? Changes in accounting systems Health systems require clear and simple accounting and procurement standards based on legal framework that encourages transparency participation and due timeliness. An effective supervision and auditing systems is essential in improving the over sightedness that is the root cause to loop holes in an organization and ensure effective enforcement of rules that punish misconduct. Budget transparency Transparency accounts for practices and expenditures to be open to public and legislative involving scrutiny and that civil society at all stages of budget formulation, execution and reporting [8]. Budget transparency requires an information system that produces timely, reliable and accurate information in order to hold public officials accountable for the use of allocated resources. Decentralization Decentralization is a favored strategy with a view to enabling broader public participation and improves technical as well as allocation efficiency, involving public in the decision marketing process and enhancing the responsiveness of the health system. Research indicates that in poorer countries, higher fiscal decentralization is associated with lower mortality rates and improved health outcomes even in high corruption environments [9]. Privatization in health sector The lack of accountability arises when institutions are weak public funds is low, privatization of health services can be seen as an alternative method of improving the quality and effectiveness of health services. Privatization limits the powers of the public officials and thus their opportunities of influencing bribery and corruption. Monitoring the quality, reliability and cost-effectiveness of private care and treatments, ensures access to quality health services to the needy and also prevents abuse of the resources. Managing the rates of medicines in private by the displaced informal payments would make a mere difference in public and private care. Resource management Tracking the supply demand chain and eliminating the middle men who add to the price of medicines and also influence illegal bribery. Encouraging the tracking the level of stock and recording the expiry of medicines which may harm the patients health. Keeping distributions flow constant and eliminating the unused and outdated stock rather than black marketing supplies for personal gain. 5. Drug Management Corruption The corruption in drug management affects the price, availability and quality of drugs, undermining safe and affordable access to essential medicine in many developing countries mainly India. Due to the complexity, in the opaque system of health services influenced by large flows of money involved, forge fraud and corruption at all points of the organizational chain, from the registration at hospitals to the admissions and selection of medical treatment and distribution to the promotion of medicines. This is likely to have a long term impact on health and economic outcomes especially the health census of a developing nation [3]. The factors influencing drug corruption Availability The drug procurement and pharmaceutical expenditure constitute a large part of the health care budget after salary expenditure. More than 20 to 50 % of the funds are promised for making drug available at affordable prices and thus indicating a growth in health care standards. [6] Corruption in procurement and distribution of pharmaceutical and medical supplies reduces access to essential medicines; doctors prescribe medicines on basis of the cut they are offered by the pharmaceuticals. The vulnerable groups thus fall victim to shortage of the facilities and healthcare. Inadequate provision of drug and medical supplies has a direct bearing on the performance of the organization. Registrations and legalities The market approval of the production and distribution sector is highly influenced on the bribes that the companies offer to pay than the adequacy neither capability of the company nor the potency of the drug. It is a regulatory decision of the political bodies concerning the health sector to allow a medicine to be marketed in a given country. Compliance with regulations elongates the period of drug licensing, accreditation and approvals can prove costly for pharmaceutical companies wanting to launch a new product. Some of them may try to bribe or influence the regulator simply to speed up the approval process. The middle chain of distribution elongates and also becomes costlier by the amount of unofficial money associated with the drug release of drug release or distribution this can also affect the setting of user fees for drug registration, which are often set well below true cost [6]. Pharmacies and drug stores also require due registration and licensing. The process of licensing pharmacies for operation is corrupted by bribes, favoring kin or political contacts of government agents, geographic inequities, and facilities that do not follow government regulations. As with the registration process the responsible national experts receive compensation from pharmaceutical companies that influence their statistics and thus influencing wrong judgments. Drug Selection The selection of essential medicines in a given country needs to use defined criteria and consultative and transparent process. The inclusion of any pharmaceutical on the list of nations essential medicines is influenced by means of bribery gain due to the opacity in the selection process [8]. Interested parties may also bribe the committee responsible for deciding which products are reimbursed through government social insurance programs. Procurement and lack of skill Providing health facilities with drug and medical supplies is a very complex process. This involves a large variety of members interacting between the private and public sectors. Governments health officials lack the managerial skills required to specify technical details, supervise bidding and monitoring the already active contracts and trail their legal fulfillment. Corruption can occur at any stage of the process influence decisions on the model of procurement rather than competitive bidding, on the type and volume of procured supplies rather than the demand enlisted, and on specifications and selection criteria hence compromising access to essential medicines and hampering their quality endangering lives of the poor who are the most vulnerable victims to corruption. In a context where quality controls are difficult to exercise, an increasing lack of funds results in corruption where officials sell low quality, expired, counterfeit and harmful drugs at cheaper prices. Corrupt procurement officers also purchase sub-standard drugs in place of quality medicines pocketing the difference. Unmonitored systems and lack of official records Falling short of finance the systems are obsolete and poorly monitored, record-keeping is ineffective hence the accounting mechanisms make it an easy opportunity for the corrupt, theft of large quantities of drugs and medical supplies depositories and medical facilities, sale of samples for personal gain in private practices or on the black market [8]. Puppets or patients A Strategy to supplement their meager salaries doctors working for government has been increasingly allowed to open private practices Resulting to which doctors spend official time in public facilities treating private patients, or merely channeling patients to their private practice.Due to the lack of punishment the doctors are either absent or not concerned with their low salary jobs playing with the lives of their patients. 6. How can the drug management corruption be dealt with? Tracking Registration process Authorities need to ensure transparency and accountability. A formal committee responsible for registration of medicines needs to be established where the basis of selection remain technical and competitive with easily accessible terms and conditions and fixed payable fees. Training should be provided for the officials who are responsible managing records and performing registration activities. Drug selection To limit corruption in the process of drug selection practical involvement and fair practice is a must where adopting lists of essential medicines that are based on standard evidence-based treatment guidelines at national and sub-national levels. Government officials need to ensure that the selection of these essential medicines is based on transparent process with expert committee responsible for this exercise operating according to published terms of reference, whose members will be selected based on expertise, and whose decisions will be influenced by current state of scientific evidence. Improving access to medicine In order to tackle this complex problem the causes and manifestations of corruption and the ongoing in the region are too be evaluated to prevent it. Agreements to establish a working group with the industry and NGOs in order to promote transparency in the health sector based on various health standards. Procurement management The prerequisite for curtailing corruption in the procurement process consists of defining rules and guidelines that reduce discretionary powers where they are likely to be abused and to increase the probability for corrupt practices to be detected and sanctioned. Promoting transparency in the procurement process can be achieved by offering clear documentation and public access to bidding results, if possible using an electronic bidding system where interference is not possible, and involving civil society at all stages of the process. Technical assistance and to manage competitive bidding training for procurement officers can also improve standards of the government [3]. Distribution rights To reduce illegal practices at the distribution stage of medical supplies include establishing controlled inventory systems, improving record keeping providing security against robbery in repositories. Providing tools for improving drug distribution systems, including guidelines for forecasting, supply chain management and managing process flow in the distribution system. Promotion Other possible measures include banning practices of gift and sponsorship, following WHO ethical guidelines on medicines promotion [10], and promoting codes of ethics in marketing through trade and professional organizations. The practitioners should be educated against the promotional propaganda of the pharmaceutical companies. 7. summary Addressing the issue of rising health care costs is critical to the economic health of our country, and the physical health of its residents. In this situation when corruption enters the developing nations mainstream it soils the whole system from the lower working class to the managerial level. They participate in the malpractice of endangering the lives of their patients, rather than making medical supply and health services readily available? National health officials are interested in pocketing the differences they earn by under counter money and unofficial fees for items termed as free. Financial management faces corruption due to its poor accountability and inadequate supervision. The Lack of trained officials leads to unmaintained records, wastage of medical supplies and unavailability of required medicines. As a resident official in one of the busiest hospitals I observed the lack of enthusiasm amongst the working staff and also the practitioners this attitude is mainly influenced by the lack of funds, insufficient salaries and unhygienic working environments. The only alternative to satisfy their mere day to day needs , officials are forced to accept bribes and get involved in illegal activities. The drugs not for sale are robbed and distributed at private institutes or also black marketed during times of high demand. The supply is irrespective of demand. Competition in the pharmaceuticals has lead to influencing of doctors in prescribing high cost medicines for their personal benefits and gifts. The respect of human life and the oath of serving our nation with honesty has long been forgotten especially in the Indian sub continent. Lots of ways have been prescribed in books of many volumes but corruption as a disease may blame politicians, poverty and many other uncontrollable traits but the only virus for this disease is human nature and the lack of self control and honesty. The selections of political power is always in the hands of the masses then blaming our leaders and giving them opportunities is like blaming ourselves for the condition we find ourselves in. As an Indian belonging to the middle class I too have observed the corruption in our country, not done much to prevent or stop it but have done enough to encourage and kindle its existence.

Why People Commit Murder

What Triggers People to Commit Murder? Alicyn Nitsch Criminology April 17, 2013 Murder is the unlawful killing, with malice aforethought, of another human, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide. (Wikipedia) In most countries, a person convicted of murder is typically given a long prison sentence, possibly a life sentence where permitted, and in some countries, the death penalty may be imposed for such an act. (Wikipedia) Murder has been a common crime in the United States and it has taken a lot of influence for kids and teens.  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics.The rate of killings in the U. S. involving five or more victims — one generally accepted definition of a mass killing — represented less than 1% of all homicides 25 years ago, and still does today. (Kluger,Jeffery)Though it is difficult to have a control on such factors but a little attention of parents on their children can minimize growth of criminal nature in their kids. Education is another criterion of prevention of such criminal activities. Education makes a person to distinguish between right and wrong and makes him stable and balanced.He is thus able to withstand any kind of circumstances and develops a potential to overcome any situation. (Shipali, Sharma) Murders are committed for many different reasons. One major reason people commit murder is due to anger. People are often confronted with feelings of disappointment, frustration and anger as they interact with government officials, co-workers, family and even fellow commuters. (Greeneimer, Larry) In Anger, a person often tends to lose his senses. He loses the ability to distinguish between right and wrong. Also, the rush of adrenaline makes him to commit crime.What turns anger into action is self-control. Watching a movie showing violent acts predisposes us to act violently. Even just listening to violent rhetoric makes people more inclined to be violent. Iron ically, the same mirror neurons that make people empathic make them very vulnerable to all sorts of influences. Indeed, after many years of studies on mirror neurons and their functioning, scientists are shifting their lab research to the study of the control mechanisms in the brain for mirror neurons. The key issue is the balance of power between these control echanisms are called top-down—because they are all like executives that control from the top down to the employees—and bottom-up mechanisms, in the opposite direction, like mirror neurons. This anger could turn into something deadly such as revenge. Revenge can make a person to commit crime. When a person is not able to take revenge by direct means then he adopts indirect and unlawful means to punish his enemy. Peer influence and poor parenting skills are the reasons for easily giving up the path of honesty and truth. Signs that a person is disturbed enough to take action are quite visible.When it does happen, t he people likeliest to commit the crime fall into a drearily predictable group. They're 95% male, and 98% are black or white — not a big surprise since more than 87% of the population is made up of those two races. action itself is a sign, a desperate form of communication from a disturbed individual. Connecting with the subject, that person may have rethought some of the activity of mirror neurons toward a truly empathic behavior, rather than in the service of the deranged imitative violence leading to action. The violence shown in Televisions is also highly responsible in negatively affecting one’s mind.Kids and teenagers generally try to mimic the stunts and the violence acts shown in the TV. The violent games of video games and computer games are very famous among kids and teens. Such games and scenes shatter their innocent brain and are responsible for making them aggressive and violent. Another key note in why people commit murder is due to mental health and past experiences. According to neuropsychologist Jonathan Reed; 49. 4% had a developmental disorder in childhood, 87% had a brain injury, 85% had a history of substance abuse, 45% had a psychiatric history and 35% have had a history of abuse in childhood.Exactly what is going on in their heads can never be known and the neuropsychological factors don’t explain the trigger or situation in which the murder took place. However, it is clear that there are neurological and neurodevelopmental factors going on here, and given what we know about these in childhood and from case studies, it is unclear how much control such individuals have in a given situation. (Reed, Jonathan) So many of these people’s problems seem to stem from experiences and events in their childhoods. People are not criminals by birth.Their circumstances, needs and their upbringing make them criminals. Another big factor that criminals are brought up by is poverty. Poverty is one of the main factors for commit ting a crime. When a person is helpless with no money in hand and a huge family to support then in such cases his circumstances forces him to take up the gun in his hand. There are many terrorist associations that hire such needy people for little money and use them in their criminal acts like murders, bomb explosions, kidnapping etc. Unemployment, which is another cause of poverty, is the main cause of aggression in today’s youth.Lack of job opportunities misleads the youth to take up this direction and earn money in this way. (Shipali, Sharma) The Greed of possessing materialistic things and the intense desire to have a luxurious life by any possible means leads a person to follow this track of crime. It is a human desire to lead his life luxuriously which is sometimes not possible in the little income of a person. (Shipali, Sharma) For this reason some people look up for easy and fast methods of gaining cash and they do not even hesitate to take up the life of some other i nnocent person. It’s greed that completely weighs over their judgment.

My Future Plans Essay

As a current senior in high school, I have reached the point where it is time for me to decide what I want to do with my life. Â  Throughout my four years in high school, I have been intrigued by a variety of different paths such as teaching, marine science, and even journalism. Â  After growing up a little and taking a better notice of my interests and likings, I have noticed my love for sports, fitness, and health. Â  My first plan for the future is to graduate from Oakland Mills High School and receive my high school diploma. Â  After this I will attend East Carolina University, or ECU, in Greenville, NC. I want to major in exercise science and minor in exercise physiology. My first few years in college I would like to gain experience in the field by obtaining a work-study position that will help me develop new skills in exercise science work such as a student athletic trainer. I would also like to play club lacrosse for ECU during my four years there. Â  Either my junior or senior year in college I would like to study abroad in Europe. Â  I hope to get work-study on campus my freshmen year so I can save up money by the time this comes around. Â  After four or five years of school I would hope to graduate with a bachelors degree. Â  After graduation I do not want to settle down right away. Â   I would either want to volunteer for the peace core abroad for a year in the Middle East or travel on my own, if possible. Â  After this I would want to move back to Maryland or D.C. so I can be close to my family. Â  I would like to either get a job in training, therapy, or coaching. Â  While the future is undecided and unknown, it is a time for changes and new things. Â  Although I know it will be a long journey I will remain open to all possibilities and be proactive while continuing to asses all of my options.

The Themes in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

The Themes in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† the reader finds several themes. These will be discussed in this essay. Morse Peckham in â€Å"The Development of Hawthorne’s Romanticism† explains what he interprets Hawthorne’s main theme to be: Once the self has been redeemed from society it can be explored in its own terms, and for this purpose Hawthorne developed his peculiar use of emblematic allegory. . . . This technique, though Hawthorne’s is different from that of European writers, creates analogies between self and not-self, between personality and the worlds. . . .Henceforth Hawthorne’s theme is the redemption of the self through the acceptance and exploitation†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The humor in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is not so apparent to this reader as is the love; I refer to the deep love which Goodman has for his wife, Faith. When he says goodbye and starts down the street, headed for the forest, the protagonist really feels a deep consideration for Faith’s feelings: Poor little Faith! thought he, for his heart smote him. What a wretch am I, to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought, as she spoke, there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight. But, no, no! twould kill her to think it. Well; shes a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night, Ill cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This love of Brown’s continues throughout the tale. Enroute along the path with the sinister fellow-traveler, Goodman repeatedly recalls his feelings for his wife: Well, then, to end the matter at once, said Goodman Brown, considerably nettled, there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and Id rather break my own! Friend, said he, stubbornly, my mind is made up. Not another step will I budge on this errand. What if a wretched old woman do choose to go to the devil, when I thought she was going to Heaven! Is that any reason why I should quit my dear Faith, and go after her? Faith! shouted Goodman Brown, in a voice of agony and desperation; and the echoes of theShow MoreRelated The Theme of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesThe Theme of Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay intends to develop an interpretation of the theme of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†.    To come by a clear notion of the theme of   â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is no easy task, thanks to the confusing style of the author. As A.N. 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The First Gasoline Powered Vehicle Essay - 972 Words

The first gasoline powered vehicle was constructed in Germany in 1885. Henry Ford built the first car in the United States in 1896. This is when and how he changed the lives of the American people and their future. Several laws and government restrictions affected the auto industry since the 1960 s. The consumers had numerous concerns to build safer automobiles and safer environments. In 1966, Congress passed a safety act called the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (Gale 2004). This act improved visibility, safety, and to install a proper braking system so that not only the driver stayed safe, but the passengers as well. Then in the 1970 s, Congress passed yet another act that demanded all automobiles pass a test that decreased emissions by 90% within six (6) years, which was called the Clean Air Act. This act was mainly the result of the oil crisis in the 1970 s when the major industrial countries of the world (US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand), and faced large petroleum shortages. This crisis steered stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged and then by the 1980 s they stabilized. (Ref 1) The auto industry is one of the largest sources of US global warming emissions. Because of this fact, the Union of Concerned Scientists are helping to make vehicles cleaner for everyone here on the earth by having less emissions than in 1896. It is a fact that global warming endangers our national security, our health,Show MoreRelatedHydrogen Powered Vs Electric Powered Vehicles1195 Words   |  5 Pages Hydrogen Powered Versus Electric Powered Vehicles The human race is in the midst of an energy crisis. The gasoline used around the world is currently a non-renewable resource. 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The Pressure of Eating Disorders - 1023 Words

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Computer Information System Decision Support †Free Samples

Question: Describe about the Computer Information System for Decision Support System. Answer: Introduction Information management system is important for any business improvement system and operational management (Ward Peppard, 2016). ERP or enterprise resource planning are very important for integration of the business system. ERP technology and software are classified into industry specific ERP, Web based or cloud service ERP, small business ERP, and computer exchange ERP solutions (Leon, 2014). The strategies are developed for the improvement of the security function in the business organization. In this assignment the various types of ERP models are being analyzed for understanding their impact on the business operations. The assignment consists of taxonomy of the ERP model for understanding the comparison between the outdated information system and the advanced information system. Various examples for ERP software are shown in the assignment and it would help in understanding the extent of the technological development in information system management. The suggestion provided at the last part of the report would be helpful in providing the effective ways for securing the information system for any business organization. Classification of different types of ERP software There are various types of enterprise resource planning software used in integration of the business system. They are classified into industry specific ERP, Web based or cloud service ERP, small business ERP, and computer exchange ERP solutions (Monk Wagner, 2012). Industry specific ERP: the Infor ERP is a ERP solution that offers the solution for manufacturing and distributing process of the industries (Nettstrater et al., 2015). The software solution has supported over seventy five thousand businesses across two hundred countries. The industry specific ERP are used by large scale business entities as they need customized operations for their business needs. Web based or cloud service ERP: The advanced ERP system are broadly sued by many companies. However, there are some companies who use the web based software solution for the integration of the business activities. The cloud based server for business integration has been termed as SaaS or software as a Service. The cloud service ERP helps in accessing and storing the data over the internet based storage system. It would help in remote access of information and data. The cloud ERP provides the organization with fast and accurate access to the information system. Hence, it is ideal for all scales of businesses. However, it is best suited for small business models. Small business ERP system: this type of ERP system is helpful for small operations like sales and order management (Nettstrater et al., 2015). The human resources management does not require large data house for small scale business organizations. Hence a lower scaled ERP system is beneficial for providing functionality to small scale business problems. It can be implemented at cheaper cost and is very ideal. Computer exchange ERP solutions: Computer exchange ERP solutions are useful for helping the business centers in improving the efficiency of the operations (Chang et al., 2013). The outdated ERP are not liable for providing the required functionality to the business management. The upscale and updated ERP system would help in increasing the opportunities for accelerating the growth of business. Some examples of different ERP software are mentioned below. Software name Features SAP R/3 Used in over 120 countries, over 90000 customers, the services are good and excellent support SAP B1 Business one, suitable for SMEs, low cost, 15 core modules, and effective localization of SAP B1 LN/BaaN Project based discrete operations, increases productivity, efficiency improvement, and reduction in costs Microsoft Axapta or Dynamics AX 2009 Used for mid-sized business operations, improve productivity, used by wholesale distributors, service companies, and retailers Microsoft Navision or dynamics NAV Assist in financing, manufacturing, SCM, CRM, and analytics JD Edward enterprise one Integrated applications, standard based technology, and low total cost Oracle Suite Financials for E business Pre integrated financial processes, dynamic budgeting, forecasting and profit analysis Oracle people soft enterprise Suitable for complex businesses, improving the performance of the operations, seamless internet services, large choices of infrastructure, and heterogeneous applications Table1: Different examples of ERP software (Source: Chang et al., 2013, pp.-1461) Comparison of legacy computer system and information security architecture Comparing legacy computer system of Apple and Microsoft Comparison heading Apple Microsoft OS Mac short form for Macintosh It refers to the computer operating system created and patented by Apple INC. Different versions of Windows like windows vista, windows 8, and windows 10. The IBM based operating systems has been termed as Personal computer or PC (Arthur, 2014). Cost Computers of Apple costing start from $500 or above. Mac mini costs around $550, Mac Air notebook costs around $900, and IMac costs around $1100 (Arthur, 2014) Windows and its peripherals are cheaper in compare to the Apple computers. Desktop PCs are almost 40% cheaper than Mac. Manufacturers Apple Hewlett Packard, Dell, Asus, Lenovo, and Acer Developer Apple Microsoft, Ubuntu, and Sun User Home and Business users (core and technical department) Business and home users Compatibility Can operate all types of software files Mac based files are not supported Market reach App developers, graphic designers, and music producers Writers, students and for general users Piracy No need of activation Unique activation key is provided Registry No Yes Table2: Comparing legacy computer system of Apple and Microsoft (Source: Wonglimpiyarat, 2012, pp.-101) Comparing information security architecture of Apple and Microsoft Information security architecture of Apple The apple devices are the most secured device that is being used currently. The software consists of data protection class within the layers of app sandbox, user partition, OS partition and file system (Wonglimpiyarat, 2012). The hardware is protected by using kernel that consists of secure enclave and element. The Crypto engine and root certificates of apple are also used for protecting the device from any security issue. Information security architecture of Microsoft The information security used in Microsoft is based on the advent of threat modeling. Threat modeling is an analysis of the risk factors and threats for information security. The four core elements of threat model are processes, data stores, data flow and external entities. The security network architecture of information in Microsoft are protected from Spoofing(S), Tampering(T), Repudiation(R), information disclosure(I), denial of service(D), and elevation of privilege(E). Its acronym is STRIDE (Wonglimpiyarat, 2012). IPSec or transport security layer is used for authentication of the device. The field gateway is protected by using TLS RSA or PSK, RFC 4279, and IPSec protocols. Table3: Information security architecture of Apple and Microsoft (Source: Stewart, 2015, pp.-29) Developing the taxonomy of ERP architecture The taxonomy of ERP architecture shows five basic elements for the information management system (Ali Cullinane, 2014). They are Management (Top Level), Strategic level, Tactical level, Operational level, and Integration and Realization. Management (Top Level): It consists of Business class, Change management, Project management, and Training (Islam Nofal Yusof, 2016). The management is the top most level of the ERP architecture and it is responsible for all the operations in the business organization. The communication process in the ERP system is very important as it holds all the operations of the organization together. Strategic level: It consists of Implementation process, Hiring procedure, Benchmarking activities, and Evaluation of the outdated process. Tactical level: It consists of Client consulting activity, Software selection process, and implementing approach for the information system. Operational level: It consists of Business process, Configuration of the information system, finalizing the activities, and Going live that means implementing the information system (Islam Nofal Yusof, 2016). Integration and Realization: In this step the ERP architecture is implemented and the outcomes from the system are realized for the business organization. The taxonomy of ERP architecture implementation for improving the legacy system can be understood from the provided figure. Figure 1: Taxonomy of ERP architecture implementation system (Source: Roh Hong, 2015, pp.-636) Suggestion for improving the information security system The strategies that can be used for improving the information security and management in the organization are policy development, education and training, enforcement of the security model, information exchange, and co-operation (Peltier, 2013). Policy development: The organization must encourage and adopt the appropriate laws, policies, rules, and agreements for information security management (Gray, Miller Noakes, 2013). It would help in harmonizing the technical standards among the whole world. The promotion of the expertise would be greatly influenced by the formation of policy for information system. Education and training: it would help in promoting the necessity of the information and security of the information stored over the database (Sacks Pikas, 2013). The organization would have to make sure they have educated an trained them about the importance of the information system and its security. Enforcement of the security policies: it would require providing access to the implementation of the policies recognized for information security improvement (Gray, Miller Noakes, 2013). The organization would need to expertise and exercise ways for implementing security of the information system. Information exchange: the information storage system must be made secured and the process of transferring must be made explicitly (Sacks Pikas, 2013). The exchange of information must be related to the guidelines of the policies and their implementation in the information system management. Co-operation: the security of the information system can be implemented by the co-operation of the employees (Peltier, 2013). The mutual understanding for the information security is necessary for any organization. Conclusion Information management system had held an important place for any business improvement system and operational management. Different types of the ERP are industry specific ERP, Web based or cloud service ERP, small business ERP, and computer exchange ERP solutions. The strategies that have been developed for the improvement of the security function in the business organization would help in understanding the information system management and it security features. The Policy development, Education and training, Enforcement of the security policies, Information exchange, and Co-operation are necessary for improving the security of the information system management. In this assignment the various types of ERP software had been classified for developing the scope for improving the information system models in the business organization. The assignment had shown the extent of ERP model and its structure for information system management. It had helped in understanding the comparison between the outdated information system and the advanced information system. References Ali, M., Cullinane, J. (2014). A study to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation based decision support system in ERP implementation in SMEs.Procedia Technology,16, 542-552. Arthur, C. (2014).Digital wars: Apple, Google, Microsoft and the battle for the Internet. Kogan Page Publishers. Chang, J. Y., Wang, E. T., Jiang, J. J., Klein, G. (2013). Controlling ERP consultants: Client and provider practices.Journal of Systems and Software,86(5), 1453-1461. Gray, P., Miller, A., Noakes, J. (2013).Challenging behaviour in schools: Teacher support, practical techniques and policy development. Routledge. Islam Nofal, M. U. H. M. M. A. D., Yusof, Z. M. (2016). TAXONOMY FRAMEWORK OF ERP SUCCESS USAGE IN SMEs IN MIDDLE EAST REGION.Journal of Theoretical Applied Information Technology,86(3). Leon, A. (2014).Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Monk, E., Wagner, B. (2012).Concepts in enterprise resource planning. Cengage Learning. Nettstrater, A., Geien, T., Witthaut, M., Ebel, D., Schoneboom, J. (2015). Logistics Software Systems and Functions: An Overview of ERP, WMS, TMS and SCM Systems. InCloud Computing for Logistics(pp. 1-11). Springer International Publishing. Peltier, T. R. (2013).Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Roh, J. J., Hong, P. (2015). Taxonomy of ERP integrations and performance outcomes: an exploratory study of manufacturing firms.Production Planning Control,26(8), 617-636. Sacks, R., Pikas, E. (2013). Building information modeling education for construction engineering and management. I: Industry requirements, state of the art, and gap analysis.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,139(11), 04013016. Stewart, J. (2015). How, and Why, Apple Overtook Microsoft.The New York Times, January,29. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Wonglimpiyarat, J. (2012). Technology strategies and standard competitionComparative innovation cases of Apple and Microsoft.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(2), 90-102.